```txt
$ ls –l /
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 7 08:54 bin
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 1024 Jan 7 08:54 boot
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 2720 Dec 21 17:58 dev
drwxr-xr-x 30 root root 4096 Jan 7 08:54 etc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 21 17:57 home
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Dec 21 17:57 lib
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Dec 21 17:57 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Dec 21 17:57 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 21 17:57 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 21 17:57 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 130 root root 0 Dec 21 17:58 proc
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Dec 21 18:03 root
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 300 Dec 22 11:37 run
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 21 17:57 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 21 17:57 srv
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Dec 21 17:58 sys
drwxrwxrwt 4 root root 80 Jan 7 08:54 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Dec 21 17:57 usr
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Jan 7 08:54 var
$ ▋
```
---
# File attributes
> "Give the user permission to read and execute the file. Give the group and others read-only permission."
``` txt
$ chmod 544 file
```
or
``` txt
$ chmod a-rwx,u+rx,go+r file
```
---
# File attributes
> "Remove write permissions for everyone."
``` txt
$ chmod a-w file
```
---
# File attributes
- Directories require the execute permission to allow entry and listing of content.
- Capital `X` only affects the execute permission for directories.
- The ability to delete or move a `file` depends on the `directory`'s write permission.
``` txt
$ chmod a+X directory
```
---
# File attributes
chmod
chown
chgrp
Change file mode bits
Change file owner and group
Change group ownership
---
# File contents
cat
nano
vi
Concatenate files and print on the standard output
Nano's ANOther editor, an enhanced free Pico clone
Screen-oriented (visual) display editor