# Basics of Linux ### Command-line

# Terminology and its history
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                                <table>
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                                        <tr>
                                            <th>Console / Terminal</th>
                                            <th>Virtual console /<br>Terminal emulator</th>
                                            <th>Shell</th>
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                                    </thead>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <tr>
                                            <td>Hardware physically attached to the Linux machine that allows input and display of output.</td>
                                            <td>Software that allows to have multiple console / terminal sessions on a single Linux machine.</td>
                                            <td>Software that runs inside the terminal (actual user interface).</td>
                                        </tr>
                                        <tr>
                                            <td colspan="3">
                                                <img src="/img/sld-linux-1-command-line-01.svg" alt="Five different images of devices behind the terminology.">
                                            </td>
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                                </table>
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                        # Shell
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                            <img src="/img/sld-linux-1-command-line-02.svg" alt="Different versions of shells on a timeline.">
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                            <img src="/img/sld-linux-1-command-line-03.svg" alt="A view of a command-line with a set of commands and their outputs.">
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                            <img src="/img/sld-linux-1-command-line-04.svg" alt="ls - list - command.">
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                            <img src="/img/sld-linux-1-command-line-05.svg" alt="output of ls command.">
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                            <img src="/img/sld-linux-1-command-line-06.svg" alt="pwd - print working directory - command.">
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                            <img src="/img/sld-linux-1-command-line-07.svg" alt="cd - change directory - command.">
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                            <img src="/img/sld-linux-1-command-line-08.svg" alt="pwd - print working directory - command.">
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                        # Key shortcuts
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                            <img src="/img/sld-linux-1-command-line-09.svg" alt="Most useful key shortcuts when using command-line.">
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                        # References
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1. [Elannon "elektroniaivot"](https://finna.fi/Record/museovirasto.9900e37b-f3de-46b0-98f0-12889d9382a8?sid=5085687904) - finna.fi
                        2. [DEC VT100 terminal](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DEC_VT100_terminal_transparent.png) - wikimedia.org
                        3. [Telex machine ASR-32](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telex_machine_ASR-32.jpg) - wikimedia.org
                        4. [Knoppix Linux console](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=691042) - wikimedia.org
                        5. iTerm in macOS - own work.
                        6. [Thompson shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_shell) - wikipedia.org
                        7. [Bourne shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell) - wikipedia.org
                        8. [Almquist shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almquist_shell) - wikipedia.org
                        9. [Bash (Unix shell)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell) - wikipedia.org
                        10. [Z shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_shell) - wikipedia.org
                        11. [1003.2-1992 - Portable operating system interfaces - Part 2: Shell and Utilities](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6880751) - ieee.org

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Thank you

Joona Tolonen

servicedesk@csc.fi